Note: In man, the urine is a clear, transparent fluid of an
amber color and peculiar odor, with an average density
of 1.02. The average amount excreted in 24 hours is
from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters).
Chemically, the urine is mainly an aqueous solution of
urea, salt (sodium chloride), and uric acid, together
with some hippuric acid and peculiar pigments. It
usually has an acid reaction, owing to the presence of
acid phosphates of soda or free uric acid. Normally, it
contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid
matter, and the daily average excretion is 35 grams
(540 grains) of urea, 0.75 gram (11 grains) of uric
acid, and 16.5 grams (260 grains) of salt. Abnormally,
it may contain sugar as in diabetes, albumen as in
Bright's disease, bile pigments as in jaundice, or
abnormal quantities of some one or more of the normal
constituents.